RSS

Monthly Archives: June 2013

The Teacher

The Teacher

1 Corinthians 2:11-12     For who knows a person’s thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God. 12 Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, that we might understand the things freely given us by God.

I parked on this scripture for a couple of days. So many paths to take here, but all of them speak of the Holy Spirit that is given to believers. Paul had just talked about the mystery of God revealed; the understanding that He gives to us through his Son and his Spirit. The things of God that those that are not children of God do not understand. Paul pours out his heart in prayer to the Ephesians that they may come to understand what is found in and through Christ. Ephesians 3:14 For this reason I bow my knees to the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, 15 from whom the whole family in heaven and earth is named, 16 that He would grant you, according to the riches of His glory, to be strengthened with might through His Spirit in the inner man, 17 that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith; that you, being rooted and grounded in love, 18 may be able to comprehend with all the saints what is the width and length and depth and height– 19 to know the love of Christ which passes knowledge; that you may be filled with all the fullness of God. Paul is pleading that you come to faith in Jesus Christ, to answer that tug that He is placing on your heart. Paul knows that only through faith, are the mysteries of God revealed.

I never knew until much later in life that an unsaved person cannot understand the Bible. When they read it, to a hardened heart it makes no sense. If it is approached with the desire of a humble heart to find God, He will reveal himself to them. It is in that act of God that he reveals the mystery of Himself. In that act of seeking, His Son is found, and hopefully the lost is eternally saved through God’s work in their hearts and His Word. The best book I have been told for the lost to seek God in is the Gospel of John. You simply cannot read John’s gospel and not see Christ and his deity there. When Christ spoke to Martha, just before He raised her brother Lazarus from the dead, He asked and assured her; 25 Jesus said to her, “I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in Me, though he may die, he shall live. 26 And whoever lives and believes in Me shall never die. Do you believe this?” (John 11). John’s gospel pierces the soul with these questions, questions that the soul begs for answers to.

Throughout this passage in 1 Corinthians, Paul is speaking to the division in the church, much of it relative to the supposed wisdom of men and their sects of division. Paul points to Christ and his Spirit to be the only One lifted up. The teachers of men do not need to be elevated; it is the message, not the messenger that we are to praise. Those that God entrusts to us to aid in helping us to understand are held to a higher standard by him. That weight of responsibility is great, and you should be committed to prayer for your pastors and teachers. All that they seek to aid in revealing to you is a lost cause without a humble heart and a heart that has found wisdom through His Spirit. Once you possess Him, all that you read in His Word will seem clear. You will begin to understand and discern more clearly those that teach. It is all found first with a humble heart that realizes you cannot do it on your own.

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 30, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

About my magnet

About my magnet

1 Corinthians 2:1-5    And I, brethren, when I came to you, did not come with excellence of speech or of wisdom declaring to you the testimony of God. 2 For I determined not to know anything among you except Jesus Christ and Him crucified. 3 I was with you in weakness, in fear, and in much trembling. 4 And my speech and my preaching were not with persuasive words of human wisdom, but in demonstration of the Spirit and of power, 5 that your faith should not be in the wisdom of men but in the power of God.

I had a talk yesterday with one of my best friends, and the Godliest man I know. He always encourages me, and I always know God is using him to do so. His discernment is incredible; we were talking about God’s calling on our lives and the different calls, but all called to preach. This morning in a favorite devotional, it spoke of being apprehended by God. “We are not here to work for God because we have chose to do so, but because God has apprehended us….What you preach is determined by God, not by your own natural inclinations.” (Oswald Chambers). When God gets that grip on your heart like never before, you come to realize He has you at this moment right were He wants you. As a child of His, Free Will may allow you to wonder from that center line of your life for Him, but the magnetism of His Sovereignty draws you right back to center.

I live in the present tense; my memory and lack of it trouble me deeply. It comes as a result of genetics, abuses, and stresses in my life. It has gotten much worse in recent years. My mornings out here are many times seeking the things I should remember. I felt that pain in our conversation yesterday in speaking of Old Testament stories. I struggle much more than I can ever reveal, but in it I have also seen God renew that desire for the new each day. I cannot rely on any supposed wisdom, for I cannot remember it. That hearts desire for the new word from Him keeps me seeking Him every day. I only want you to see Christ in me, just as Paul says above. I am a “unedjumicated” man; I am enrolled in seminary, but I am far from scholarly. I only seek to know more of God, and the things of God found in deeper study of Him.

There is nothing special about me; all have have, and all I lack, is all God’s Will for my life. My life is found in the pursuit of Him now. My hearts desire is to encourage you to do the same. My life changed when I simply began to read my Bible every day. That act will change you too, for you cannot be unchanged by the Word of God. All that you desire in life is found in that book. All that you desire in life will change in that book. You do not have to go to seminary to become a disciple; you do not have to be educated to preach the Word of God. You only must live your life as found in Deuteronomy 6:5 You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your strength. That hearts desire is the opposite polar magnet that will align you with the magnetism of His Will for your life.

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 28, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

Have you ever Fasted?

Have you ever Fasted?

Matthew 6:16-18    “Moreover, when you fast, do not be like the hypocrites, with a sad countenance. For they disfigure their faces that they may appear to men to be fasting. Assuredly, I say to you, they have their reward. 17 But you, when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face, 18 so that you do not appear to men to be fasting, but to your Father who is in the secret place; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly.

Some friends and myself are doing a one-day liquid fast today. I don’t typically reveal that I am fasting, but today I felt that tug to share, for many of you may not understand. It was only a few years ago that I had never heard of it, much less ever tried it. Today I am before you to testify of it. What is a Fast? A fast is the denial of self in an attempt to draw closer to God. It is typically the denial of food and the pleasures found in it. The hunger pains serve as a reminder to seek God in prayer for nourishment. Simplified, the hungrier you get, the more you pray, the closer you get to God; it works through the power of prayer and God’s understanding of the sacrifice you are trying to make with your hearts desire of drawing closer to him. It is not a diet, and will never be honored as such.

Fasting is all throughout the Old Testament. It was part of the traditions of the Israelites and past down for generations. Christ is speaking of it here in his Sermon on the Mount in Matthew above. He is speaking of those that desire the pity of men during a fast, and of how they will receive that pity as their only reward. But He is also speaking of those that privately fast seeking only God, and of how God will reward them. This passage is closely related to the passage before on prayer. Matthew 6:5 “And when you pray, you shall not be like the hypocrites. For they love to pray standing in the synagogues and on the corners of the streets, that they may be seen by men. Assuredly, I say to you, they have their reward. 6 But you, when you pray, go into your room, and when you have shut your door, pray to your Father who is in the secret place; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly. Prayer and Fasting are meant to be private conversations between you and God. They are never meant to draw attention to you. They serve as a means to get you closer to God.

There is not a rulebook for Fasting. There is a lot of information out there of peoples opinions on the rules of Fasting; it is an act between only you and God. It should be entered into with prayer, for a heart, mind, body, and soul seeking Him. It should be viewed as holy; it is not a flippant act taking with light regard. If you “cheat”, or treat it as such, the One who you are trying to honor is dis-honored. What would you do; what would you sacrifice to draw closer to God? Is your hearts desire for Him great enough to make a sacrifice? Think of the sacrifices He made for you.

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 27, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

Are you digging a well?

Are you digging a well?

Proverbs 14:26-27    In the fear of the Lord there is strong confidence, And His children will have a place of refuge. 27 The fear of the Lord is a fountain of life, To turn one away from the snares of death.

All throughout the Bible the analogies of living water, and synonyms of it are found. All that we need to survive is found in that living water; fountains of life for eternal life. This passage in Proverbs is the central idea of Proverbs; the fear of the Lord. 14:2 He who walks in his uprightness fears the Lord, But he who is perverse in his ways despises Him. This reverent fear produces a life seeking to please the Lord; that life’s pursuit is evident to all that witness it. A life that denies, or rests on it’s own pride, is open for all to see also. That pride leads to death as we learn here; pride is the root of all sin, and those steep in pride will pay an eternal price. But what of those under our care? What of our children and our eternal responsibility to them?

The analogy of the wells that produce fountains of life in Salvation, with Christ as the living water, all speak to the direct need of water to live. In the times of the Bible, wells were extremely hard to come by; they had great value and blessed generations with water. Can you imagine what it took to simply dig a well in those days? The reward provided that element necessary for life, just as Christ provides the element necessary for eternal life. Isaiah 12:3 Therefore with joy you will draw water From the wells of salvation. In the beautiful story of Christ with the Samaritan women at the well, He tells her of what he has to offer her; He promises her eternal life when she drinks from the fountain of life found in the well of Salvation in him. John 4:13 Jesus answered and said to her, “Whoever drinks of this water will thirst again, 14 but whoever drinks of the water that I shall give him will never thirst. But the water that I shall give him will become in him a fountain of water springing up into everlasting life.”

Returning to the question of fear of the Lord, and the evidences of it in your life, especially to your children. All throughout the Bible it speaks of our responsibilities to them. In Deuteronomy it is spoken of passing down the fear of the Lord to their children; of how God protected, provided, and gave them the Ten Commandments. Deuteronomy 11:19 You shall teach them to your children, speaking of them when you sit in your house, when you walk by the way, when you lie down, and when you rise up. The Israelites were a people who lived their lives in reverent fear of the Lord. As generations came and went, their faith and fear went in cycles also. But those that lived their lives as examples to their children, blessed their children for eternity. They prepared their paths for them to live their lives for God, to provide them eternal hope that the world cannot steal away. What do your kiddo’s see? What will they see when your gone?

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 26, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

Mirror First

Mirror First

Proverbs 12:15 The way of a fool is right in his own eyes, But he who heeds counsel is wise.

I have so much on my mind. I sometimes wonder if all that is on my mind is the distractions of the world, or ways that God draws me closer to Him. In all of it do I stress out with the worry of it, or in it, am I drawn to God through it? Does He allow all of this to keep me seeking Him continually; not to feel as though I can do life on my own? Could I become so comfortable that I don’t see the need for God? This morning in prayer I asked God to help me see my life as He does. To be on the outside looking in at all of my struggles and things that I stress about. I thought of the Brandon Heath song, “Give Me Your Eyes”. It speaks so clearly of the compassion the Lord has for the lost and broken; what we seem to miss so many times stuck in our own worlds of selfish focus on our struggles.

I spent time in Proverbs and came to the passage above. The study of it led to Proverbs 3:7 Do not be wise in your own eyes; Fear the Lord and depart from evil. 8 It will be health to your flesh, And strength to your bones. Reverent fear of the Lord will produce a life that leads to righteousness. That life with it’s pursuit of righteousness will lead to a deeper understanding of how He sees the world. It will strengthen you from the inside out; feeding and nourishing your soul for what the body needs. It will not feed it with worldly “stuff” that blurs our vision from the things as God sees them. The junk that this world seeks to penetrate our minds numbs us to the things of Christ. You know of what I speak; you surely have your own battles just as I. The level of reverent fear of the Lord is directly related to your struggle with those evils.

In the continued study of that passage it led to a parable that Christ spoke of in Luke 18:10-14. It was about a self-righteous man and a tax collector who went to the temple and prayed. The self-righteous man elevated himself, but the tax collector humbled himself and asked God for forgiveness of his sin. Luke 18:14 I tell you, this man went down to his house justified rather than the other; for everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and he who humbles himself will be exalted.” When we want to see things as God sees them, we have to be brave enough for the mirror. A reverent fear of the Lord is knowing how He sees ourselves; knowing that in our hearts are we pursuing righteousness or living for the world? If we are in humble pursuit of righteousness, that we are getting glimpses of His eyes. Those glimpses typically start in the mirror.

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 25, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

Satan’s alarm clock

Satan’s alarm clock

Matthew 6:34 Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will worry about its own things. Sufficient for the day is its own trouble.

My life is really hectic this time of year; my wife calls herself an “air conditioning widow”, for work demands regular 80hr weeks in the summer. We really don’t get to spend much quality time together. Yesterday we actually got to talk some about some of the big things going on in our life; just like you, we have a lot on our plate. The whole family went to bed early, and I went right to sleep. My mind evidently continued to race on, for at about 11pm I woke up and prepared to get up like it was morning until she asked what I was doing. As we all know, worrying many times plays into our sleep, or lack of it. I openly struggle with anxiety, which is a brother of worry, which both are sons of Satan. Satan is the author of fear and all the torment it brings in our lives.

I decided to read the Sermon on the Mount this morning. I stopped at this scripture above. It falls on the heels of my favorite verse, Matthew 6:33 Seek Ye first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto you. That scripture speaks of a focused life, of a life centered on seeking God in all that you do for each and every day. To seek Him and his Will for your life, every single day. To spend time in His Word and prayer, every single day. With that heart will bring strength and peace for that day, especially when you start the day early with Him. It seems that the later in the day is when worry seems to grow. Is that why Daniel prayed three times every day? Daniel 6:10 Now when Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went home. And in his upper room, with his windows open toward Jerusalem, he knelt down on his knees three times that day, and prayed and gave thanks before his God, as was his custom since early days. Daniel practiced the life that Christ spoke about at His sermon on the Mount. Daniel knew those had plotted against him and his faith; he should have worried about what to do in regards to the law that would ultimately have him thrown into the lions den. But in his great faith he did not worry about tomorrow, he sought God today. God was glorified in and through all of Daniels life.

We do not know what tomorrow might bring; we do not know if we are given tomorrow. Why should we worry about what we are not guaranteed? We loose the opportunity for the blessings for today in the worry about tomorrow. We may miss or pass on an opportunity to be used or blessed by God because our focus is on what we cannot control. This is something that requires the diligence of Daniel; a heart such as his that seeks God throughout the day. Keep Satan and his angels at bay with the power of a heart for God and prayer. Today when the stress and worry  of the world press, push back with the strength of prayer. The worry Satan brings can ultimately be used by God against him. Every stress can be an alarm that awakens your need for seeking God in prayer for strength for the day. Satan’s plans backfire and your faith grows.

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 24, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

You are special too

You are special too

Galatians 1:11-24     For I would have you know, brothers, that the gospel that was preached by me is not man’s gospel. 12 For I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it, but I received it through a revelation of Jesus Christ. 13 For you have heard of my former life in Judaism, how I persecuted the church of God violently and tried to destroy it. 14 And I was advancing in Judaism beyond many of my own age among my people, so extremely zealous was I for the traditions of my fathers. 15 But when he who had set me apart before I was born, and who called me by his grace, 16 was pleased to reveal his Son to me, in order that I might preach him among the Gentiles, I did not immediately consult with anyone; 17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were apostles before me, but I went away into Arabia, and returned again to Damascus. 18 Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and remained with him fifteen days. 19 But I saw none of the other apostles except James the Lord’s brother. 20 (In what I am writing to you, before God, I do not lie!) 21 Then I went into the regions of Syria and Cilicia. 22 And I was still unknown in person to the churches of Judea that are in Christ. 23 They only were hearing it said, “He who used to persecute us is now preaching the faith he once tried to destroy.” 24 And they glorified God because of me.(ESV)

You can’t unpack Paul’s story in a OneMinuteMinistry. There is something grand to see and understand in this passage; Paul understood that he was chosen by God, even chosen before birth (vs15). So much of Paul’s early life was a life a faith by works, earning his salvation by his intellect and his deeds; he felt he was earning his way into heaven. He led even unto persecution those that did not believe what he did. His world changed when Christ came to him on the Damascus road. Christ told him of how he would be called to preach to those he had been persecuting, of how he must suffer for His name. Acts 9:16 For I will show him how many things he must suffer for My name’s sake.” Paul understood that all of his life before Christ, all that he had experienced and performed, could now be drawn to glorify Christ. God had let him walk down that road of life to ultimately show the grace of God, and the glory of God in Paul’s life.

God can and will forgive all of your great sins you have ever committed. You can never repay or work out a penance plan for the repayment of sin. On God’s grace alone are you provided through Christ the payment of sin; it was all settled at the cross. Paul understood the err of his ways, he understood that God had chosen him, not that he had chosen God. With that tug in your heart that comes an incredible understanding that God wants you. Can you really deny that One who is asking for your heart? All it takes is a humble repentant plea asking for forgiveness by the only Way to obtain it. John 14:6 I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life. No man comes to the Father but through Me.

Today is not meant for deep theological debate on Election. It is meant in the simplicity of the understanding that you have never sinned so greatly, as not to obtain grace. It is meant in the simplicity of how a humble, repentant heart is all it takes to receive that grace found in Christ. That question, that tug in your heart, is God pursuing you. You are a chosen one. You are able to obtain forgiveness; all of your past life can be used to show God’s grace too. He is knocking at the door of your heart, will you open the door?

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 23, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

His Word – not mine

His Word – not mine

Galatians 1:10 For am I now seeking the approval of man, or of God? Or am I trying to please man? If I were still trying to please man, I would not be a servant of Christ. (ESV)

Oh how I wish I could tell you how much this scripture encouraged me this morning. Of how God gave me the exact words I needed to hear upon opening his Word. Of how I prayed for that encouraging word from Him; and he directly spoke to me with his reply. Thank you Jesus! The self-inflicted pressures of this ministry have been great recently. They come as a result of the demands of the world, and they come as the result of the demands I put upon myself. This ministry is my heartbeat, but whom is it beating for? After a year and a half of this daily diligence, I am my own worst critic. I feel a failure when it does not happen….and pride creeps in. God knows my heart, he knows my load, he gives the means for it’s birth every day.

Paul got it; he never made his ministry about anything but Christ. He could have easily elevated himself with his background and education, but he only sought to remain humble and elevate only Christ. Philippians 3:13 Brothers, I do not consider that I have made it my own. But one thing I do: forgetting what lies behind and straining forward to what lies ahead, 14 I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus.(ESV) Pride has creeped in and destroyed many a great ministries. They began to feel that they either made it all, or they feel the tug to please men in it all; they seek approval through it. Paul only sought to point others to Christ in it. It is all about Him; it is never about the messenger, it is about the message.

The experiences I have out here every morning are the reason I am out here every morning. How God has changed my heart in recent years all after that conscious effort to start reading my Bible every day. Of how He transformed a life steep in sin, headed down hells highway, to a life with only the goal of pleasing Him and sharing with others the hope I have found in Him. He gave me this ministry and this forgiven heart; I am forever thankful for them both. All I want to do is to encourage you to spend time every day seeking Him on your own. Never let this ministry substitute for time in His Word alone. Matthew 6:33 Seek Ye first the kingdom of God and His righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you. I am a living proof of how your life will change when you start to read your Bible every day. Make today that day.

 
1 Comment

Posted by on June 22, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

Stay on top

Stay on top

Romans 6:10-11   For the death that He died, He died to sin once for all; but the life that He lives, He lives to God. 11 Likewise you also, reckon yourselves to be dead indeed to sin, but alive to God in Christ Jesus our Lord.

Paul has been explaining of how sin entered the world through Adam in the fall of man in the Garden of Eden. Romans 5:12 Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned. He points to Adam as a type of Christ; using that example of imparted sin on all of man, to the imparted grace through Christ for all of man. Of how that grace is greater than that sin; for how it justified us to a holy God. 5:16 And the gift is not like that which came through the one who sinned. For the judgment which came from one offense resulted in condemnation, but the free gift which came from many offenses resulted in justification. He continues to explain of how we are united with Christ into that death of sin, and of how the greater joy of being baptized into the newness of eternal life. We are to understand that we are to live our lives in that knowledge of being dead to sin, but alive in Christ.

This world we live in is drowning in the cesspool of sin. Idolatry & sexual immorality abound before us every day. Satan seeks to take our eyes off God and live for only the temporal pleasures he can provide. He wants us to live for the moment and never worry for eternity. What if we are captured in that moment of sin when our life clock stops? What if we fall back into that sin and run from God wanting to bank on Grace? Was our hearts ever really changed if we continue to live in sin? Romans 6:1 What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin that grace may abound? 2 Certainly not! How shall we who died to sin live any longer in it? I remember telling my parents for years that I wanted to have my fun for a time and then I would get right with God. Only by God’s am I able to be here today, to share a life full of sin, to a life full of forgiveness. I now seek to live my life to the best of my ability in showing others of His grace I was given.

I had a great talk with a customer yesterday, and the topic was about living your life as an example. Of how people are always watching you even when you don’t realize. I told her of how I believe many times our lives are the only Bible some ever read. All of the sin in my life; many great sins, are forgiven by that Grace I have been extended. All of my testimony can be used to reach someone that God has placed in my path with the same battles. I can through Him, show them the eternal forgiveness and escape from that snare that sin has on them. Live your life as an example of what Christ did for you. Live your life differently that those around you. Walk on the water through Christ;  don’t be dragged down into Satan’s cesspool.

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 20, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,

Passionate Devotion

Passionate Devotion
John 21:17 He said to him the third time, “Simon, son of Jonah, do you love Me?” Peter was grieved because He said to him the third time, “Do you love Me?” And he said to Him, “Lord, You know all things; You know that I love You.” Jesus said to him, “Feed My sheep.
I needed an encouraging word this morning; in my prayer time I pled for God to do so. So much on my mind, the pressures of life come, everything to take my focus off Him. I am no different that you; I struggle just like you in many of the same ways as you. My heart was changed no so long ago, and now my heart yearns for the life after this one, with the One who forgave me and provided that opportunity. That realization has produced in me a passion to seek, serve, and obey my Savior. It is against the current in all that a heart for this world produces. It goes against all that the sin in this world glorifies. That driving force, that love for Christ, must be strong enough to withstand all that comes against that devotion. It must go where it is led by Him; it must endure what is allowed by Him; it must be enabled by Him to continue on at all costs. A disciples heart is a devoted heart to only one cause; their love for Christ, and all that comes with it.
My Utmost for His Highest by Oswald Chambers
Service Of Passionate Devotion
Lovest thou Me? . . . Feed My sheep. — John 21:16
Jesus did not say – Make converts to your way of thinking, but look after My sheep, see that they get nourished in the knowledge of Me. We count as service what we do in the way of Christian work; Jesus Christ calls service what we are to Him, not what we do for Him. Discipleship is based on devotion to Jesus Christ, not on adherence to a belief or a creed. “If any man come to Me and hate not . . . , he cannot be My disciple.” There is no argument and no compulsion, but simply – If you would be My disciple, you must be devoted to Me. A man touched by the Spirit of God suddenly says – “Now I see Who Jesus is,” and that is the source of devotion.
Today we have substituted credal belief for personal belief, and that is why so many are devoted to causes and so few devoted to Jesus Christ. People do not want to be devoted to Jesus, but only to the cause He started. Jesus Christ is a source of deep offence to the educated mind of to-day that does not want Him in any other way than as a Comrade. Our Lord’s first obedience was to the will of His Father, not to the needs of men; the saving of men was the natural outcome of His obedience to the Father. If I am devoted to the cause of humanity only, I will soon be exhausted and come to the place where my love will falter; but if I love Jesus Christ personally and passionately, I can serve humanity though men treat me as a door-mat. The secret of a disciple’s life is devotion to Jesus Christ, and the characteristic of the life is its unobtrusiveness. It is like a corn of wheat, which falls into the ground and dies, but presently it will spring up and alter the whole landscape (John 12:24).

 
Leave a comment

Posted by on June 19, 2013 in Daily Devotions

 

Tags: , , , , ,